同义词辨析第11组：1．reach 的用法reach [ri:tM] vt. 到达，抵达。
表示到达之意的还有 arrive at (in) , get to 等。
例如：① The president reached Beijing by special plane yesterday.总统昨天乘专机到达北京。
② We reached here Thursday morning. 我们是星期四早晨到达这里的。
⑤ She was always the first to arrive at the workshop. 她总是第一个来到车间。
⑦ We must get to the airport before 8．我们必须在八点钟前到机场。
例如：① Mary arrived in Shanghai last month. 玛丽上月到达上海。
② We arrived at the small village in the evening. 我们傍晚到达那个小村庄。
2．discover 的用法discover [dis\'k)v+] vt. 发现(已存在但并不为人所知的事，通常指地方或科学事实)；知道。
discover的基本用法如下：1)跟名词或代词：①It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium.是居里夫人发现了镭元素。
2)跟从句：① It was discovered that our food was running short. 我们发现粮食快完了。
② We discovered that he was an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。
3)跟带连接词的不定式：① We never discovered how to open the box. 我们找不出打开盒子的方法。
4)跟复合宾语：① We discovered him to be an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。
3．both [b+uI] 的基本用法1)both 用作连词。
例如：① She both plays the piano and sings. (both+ 动词+ and+ 动词)她既弹钢琴，也唱歌。
② She plays both the piano and the guitar.(both+名词；and+名词)她既弹钢琴，也弹吉他。
如：①They are both absent. (同位语)他们俩都缺席。
②They both agree to stay. (同上)他们俩都同意留下来。
③We he both stud French.我们两个人都学习过法语。
如：①New cities came into being on both sides of the Great Wall. (=New cities came into being on either side of the Great Wall.)长城的两边出现了崭新的城市。
如：①Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.(=Either of them was not in good health, but both worked very hard.)他们俩身体都不好，但都努力地工作。
②Both of them are not teachers. 他们俩并非都是教师。
4．room [ru:m] 的基本用法1)room可以用作不可数名词，意为“(未占用的或可利用的)空间；地位；余地”。
②It\'s polite for the youth to make room for the old in the bus.在公共汽车上为老人让路是有礼貌的。
③There\'s plenty of room for the desks. 有足够的空地方放课桌。
④There\'s room for three more. 还有三个人的位置。
⑤I hen\'t much room to move here.我这儿没有多少活动余地。
⑦This table takes up too much room----we\'d better put it out. 这张桌子占的地方太大，我们最好把它搬到外头去。
【注意】与room常合成的词有：bathroom 洗澡间；sitting-room 起居室；dinning-room 饭厅；schoolroom教室5．prepare的用法prepare [pri\'p#+] vt. ＆ vi. 准备1)跟名词或代词(可有较活译法)：①Please prepare the table for dinner. 请摆好桌子吃晚饭。
②Mother is preparing us a meal. 母亲正为我们做饭。
2)跟不定式：①They are busy preparing to go on holiday. 他们正忙着准备休假。
3)prepare for引起的短语表示“为…
①We were given two days to prepare for the examination.给了我们两天时间准备考试。
②Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.[谚]存最好的希望，准备应付最坏的情况。
6．way的用法 1)way(意为“方法”)经常不用介词。
例如：①I think you\'re putting it together (in) the wrong way.我认为你把它装错了。
在有关从句的句子里，我们在way后面常用that来代替in which。
例如：③I like the way (that) she organized the meeting. 我喜欢他组织会议的方法。
2)way后面可跟“带to的动词不定式”结构，也可跟“of+ -ing”结构。
例如：①There\'s no way to prove he was stealing money. 无法证明他在偷钱。
②There\'s no way of proving he was stealing money.无法证明他在偷钱。
3)不要混淆in the way和on the way：in the way是用来谈障碍--------阻止你到想去的地方的人或物；on the way意为“在途中”。
试比较：①Please don\'t stand in the kitchen door----you\'re in the way.请不要站在厨房门口--------你挡了我的路。
②Let\'s not stop too often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留了。
如：①The young man offered the old woman his own seat.那位年轻人把自己的座位让给那位老大娘。
2)出价，开价(常与介词for连用)。
如：①I offered him ￡10,000 for the house.我出价一万英镑向他买那座房子。
②I offered him the house for ￡10,000．我以一万磅的价格把那座房子卖给他。
3)表示愿意做某事(常与不定式连用)如：①We offered to go with him. 我们表示愿意和他一道去。
如：①You ought to accept the offer. 你应该接受这个提议。
8．turn 一词的几种常见用法1)Take turns to do, take turns at doing 或do …
by turns 都表示“轮流做某事”的意思。
It\'s one\'s turn to do…
表示“轮到某人做某事”。
注意表达时turn 一词的单复数形式。
如：①Take turns to offer each other the foods in Part 2 in pairs.两人一组，轮流请对方吃第二部分列出的食物。
②They took turns to keep watch.他们轮流站岗。
(=They kept watch by turns.)③We take turns to make/ at making dinner.我们轮流做晚饭。
(=We make dinner by turns.)④The two drivers took turns at driving the truck.两个驾驶员轮流开车。
drove …
by turns.)⑤It\'s your turn to recite the passage. 轮到你背诵这篇短文了。
【注意】 Wait your turn是“等着轮到你”的意思，这里wait后不能接for。
Wait your turn = Wait until it is your turn.2)turn = become，用作连系动词。
如：①In autumn the lees turn brown. 秋天树叶变黄。
②Ice turns into water when (it is) heated. 冰加热变成水。
▲说“情况变得更糟了”，英语是 get worse 或 turn for the worse，而个说 turn worse.3)turn out表示“结果…
”，如：①The project turned out (to be) a failure.计划结果失败了。
(to be可省略)②The day turned out to be a fine one. 结果那天是个晴天。
③I hope everything will turn out fine/ well/ all right. 我希望一切都会好的。
4)turn up = appear, be found 表示“出现”。
如：①He promised to come, but so far he hasn\'t turned up yet.他答应来的，可到现在还没出现。
②I expect the missing watch will turn up one day.我希望那块丢失的手表哪一天会出现。
5)其它turn所用于的情况：①Don\'t always turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.碰到生词时不要总是查词典。
②Don\'t turn to him for help. 不要求助于他。
③He turned the key in the lock. 他用钥匙开门。
④Turn over the page. 翻过一页。
\\\⑤The doctor turned him over and looked at his back.医生把他翻过来查看他的背。
⑥Turn it round and let me see the other side. 把它转过来，让我看另一面。
⑦Turn away from the light. 背过光去。
⑨Turn your pocket inside out. 把你的口袋翻过来。
⑩Turn the bottle upside down. 把瓶倒过来。
(11)She was angry and turned her back to me. 她生气了，背对着我。
(12)Turn your eyes this way. 朝这边看。
9．ship 作为动词的用法1)ship作为及物动词，意思是“用船运送”、“运送”。
如：①They shipped the machine from Shanghai to Tianjin last week.他们于上星期用船把那台机器从上海运到天津。
如：①He said good - bye to his family and shipped out for England.他向家人道别，乘船到英国去了。
②He shipped as cook. 他在船上当厨师。
重要词组短语1．be made into, be made of, be made from 和be made up of 的用法区别1)be made into意思是“被制成”。
如：①In many parts of the world corn is made into powder.在世界许多地方玉米被制成粉。
②We can make glass into different kinds of things.我们可以把玻璃制成各种东西。
2)be made of原为 be made out of， out常被省略。
如：①The desks and chairs are made of wood. 这些课桌都是木头制成的。
②The cloth is made of cotton. 这种布是用棉花制成的。
3)be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外性和特性，原料在制作过程中发生了化学变化，从成品已无法辨认。
如：①Gas is made from coal. 煤气由煤制成。
②This kind of wine is made from rice. 这种酒是米制成的。
4)be made up of是“由…
如：①The article is made up of four parts.这篇文章由四部分组成。
【注意】be made of，be made into和make …
如：①Bread is made of flour.=Flour can be made into bread.=We can make flour into bread.=We can make bread (out) of flour.2．help oneself 的用法help oneself是固定用法，可单独使用，也可和介词to连用。
主要有四种含义：1)serve oneself (with food or drink) 自用(食物等)。
如：①There is some bread on the table. You may help yourself to it. 桌子上有面包，你自己拿去吃吧！
”③“Jill, help yourself to the pancakes. They are delicious”. 吉尔(自己)拿些煎饼吃吧！
2)take for (oneself), esp. dishonestly, 擅自取用。
如：①The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself (to it). 桌上有钱，左右无人，于是他就拿走了。
②Before leing, father warned me against not to help myself to the medicine in the box on the shelf. 出门前，父亲再次警告我不要拿放在架子上盒子里的药。
【注意】 help sb to sth表示“替别人取食物等。
如：①By the time he was ten, he had already built a chemistry lab for himself.到了十岁时，他为自己建了一个化学实验室。
如：①By seven o\'clock, the wind was blowing harder than ever.到七点时，北风比以往吹得更强劲了。
如：①By that time the Japanese were already very near.到那时，日本人已经很近了。
②By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up.到那时，他知道他长大后要干什么。
如：①By the end of last month, my brother had been on that ship for two years.到上月底，我兄弟在那艘轮船上已有两年了。
如：①Quite often you\'ll find the unknown word comes again, perhaps several times and by the end of the chapter you\'ll he guessed its meaning.你常常会发现，那个不认识的单词会再次出现，也许会多次出现。
②We will he the work completed by noon tomorrow.到明天中午我们将把工作做完。
如：①Your son will be all right by supper time.到吃晚饭时你儿子(的病)就会好了。
②He won\'t be here by this time tomorrow.明天这个时候他还不会到这里。
如： Perhaps she\'s recovered by now. 也许现在她已恢复健康了。
4．be able to与can的用法区别be able to表示能力，意思上与can没有区别，但can只有现在式和过去式(could)，而 be able to则有更多的形式，体现在be的时态变化上。
例如：①No one is able to do it. (= No one can do it.) 没人能做这件事。
②We shall be able to finish the work next week.我们下周将能完成这项工作。
③I hen\'t been able to find the book. 我没能够找到那本书。
加一个原级形容词或副词。
如：①It\'s as cold as ice. 它象冰一样冷。
②He drove as fast as he could. 他尽可能快开。
例如：③She\'s bard as mails. 她冷酷无情。
在正式的文体中多用主格(as clever as I)，但在非正式的讲话或文字中，宾格较为普通(as clever as me)。
【注意】在作否定的比较时，可用not as…
，也可用not so…
例如：④She\'s not as/ so nice as her sister. 她不如她姐姐好。
2)如果涉及数量，我们可以用as much …
或as many …
例如：①I hen\'t got as much money as I thought.我没有原来想象的那么多钱。
②We need as many records as possible.我们需要尽量多弄到一些唱片。
▲as much和 as many也可用作代词，后面不跟名词。
如：③I ate as much as I could. 我放开肚子大吃了一顿。
④He didn\'t catch as much as he\'d hoped.他没有得到预期的那么多。
\\\▲as much还可以用作状语，来修饰某个动作或状态。
如：⑤You ought to rest as much as possible. 你应当尽量多休息。
as还可以与twice，three times等连用，也可以与half，a quarter等连用。
例如：①I\'m not going out with a man who\'s twice as old as me.我不愿意和一个年纪比我大一倍的人一起参加社交活动。
②We got three times as many people as expected.来的人超过我们预料人数的两倍。
③You\'re not half as clever as you think you are.你可不象自己想象的一半那么聪明。
例如：①He\'s too old to work. 他太老了，不能工作了。
②It\'s too late for the pubs to be open.天太晚了，酒馆不会营业了。
③It\'s too hey for you to lift. 太重了，你提不起来。
例如：①I am too eager to join the Youth League. 我非常渴望加入共青团。
②I am too glad to meet you. 见到你我非常高兴。
3．感叹句的两种形式:感叹句由 What或 How引导。
构成以下句型：What＋a(an)＋(adj.)＋可数名词单数；What＋(adj.)＋可数名词复数或不可数名词以及How＋(adj. ＆ adv). ＋句子。
②What delicious beancurd you offered me!你给我的豆腐真好吃！
sport特指某种运动项目时，一般用作可数名词；它还指运动会，常用复数形式 sports(=sports meet)。
如：①Our headmaster is fond of sport, not music.我们校长喜欢体育，不喜欢音乐。
②Fishing and hunting are his forite sports.钓鱼和打猎是他特别喜爱的运动。
指大型的国际体育运动会、比赛，用game.如：①Football is a game which makes me excited.是一项让我激动的运动。
如：①The result of the experiment excited me. 实验的结果令我激动。
②Everybody was excited by the news of the victory.人人为此胜利的消息而兴奋。
exciting意思是“令人激动的”，常用来修饰事物；excited 意思是“对…
②The excited children were opening their Christmas gifts.激动的孩子们打开圣诞礼物。
④We just watched an exciting football match.我们刚看了一场激动人心的赛。
⑤He ge an excited shout. 他发出了激动的叫喊。
3．join, join in, take part in 和 attend 的用法比较这几个词或短语都有“参加”的意思，但用法不同。
②She joined the Young Pioneers. 她加入了少先队。
(2)和某人一道做某事，其结构为：join sb. in (doing) sth.，根据上下文，in (doing) sth. 也可以省去。
②He\'ll join us in singing the song. 他将和我们一道唱歌。
③We\'re going to the East Lake Park on Sunday. Will you join us?我们打算星期天去东湖公园。
2)join in多指参加小规模的活动如“球赛、游戏”等，常用于日常口语。
如：①Come along, and join in the ball game. 快，来参加球赛。
3)take part in 指参加会议或群众性活动等，着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。
如：①We\'ll take part in social practice during the summer vacation.暑假期间我们将参加社会实践。
②We often take part in physical labour. 我们经常参加体力劳动。
【注意】take part in是惯用词组，part前一般不用冠词，但part前有形容词修饰时，要用不定冠词。
如：①Lincoln took an active part in polities and was strongly against slery.林肯积极参加活动，强烈反对制。
如：①He\'ll attend an important meeting tomorrow.他明天要参加一个重要的会议。
②I attended his lecture. 我听了他的讲课。
如：①We can\'t go any farther (further) with a rest. 我们不休息无法向前走了。
②They went farther (further) into the forest。
如：①We must get further information. 我们必须获得更多的信息。
②We need go further into the matter. 我们必须进一步此事。
③The Museum will be closed until further notice.该博物馆将关闭，开放时将另行通知。
beat the competitor/the team/the couy打败对手/队/国家6．time作“时代”解时的用法time作“时代”解时，常用复数形式(times)。
如：①In ancient times, man lived on wild plants and wild beasts.在古代，人类靠野果和野兽为生。
②Times he changed, and we shouldn\'t fall behind.时代变了，我们不应落后于时代。
③She didn\'t understand the spirit of the times. 她不理解那个时代的精神。
【注意】 time作“时代”解时，也可用单数形式，如：①He lived in Queen Victoria\'s time. 他生活在维多利亚女王时代。
7．happen 的两种含义happen可作“发生”解，常指意外地、偶然地发生某一件事。
②If anything happens to him, let me know. 如果他发生什么事，请通知我。
③I happened to meet him in the street yesterday. 我昨天碰巧在街上遇见他。
如：①Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games. 每四年，来自世界各地的运动员参加奥林匹克运动会。
②I usually go to my uncle\'s every three days (=every third day).我通常每三天(每隔两天)去我叔叔家一次。
【注意】every后可接 few，但不能接 a few，因 every一词已包含了a之意，如句④，另外every后也不能接some，several，many等词。
every后接序数词时，则修饰单数可数名词，如句②2)every 可与other + 单数可数名词连用，表示“每隔一…
如：①Please write on every other line (third line).请隔行写。
)②They planted a tree every other metre along the road.他们在马路边每隔一米栽一棵树。
的含义1)prefer A to B 意思上接近于like A better than B，表示“喜欢…
①I prefer science to languages. 我喜欢理科而不太喜欢文科。
②He prefers beer to coffee. 啤酒与咖啡相比，他更喜欢啤酒。
③He said he preferred the couy life to the city life.他说城市和农村相比，他更喜欢农村。
④Even on holidays, he preferred doing something to doing nothing. 即使在假日里，他也宁愿干点什么事，而不愿闲待着。
2)prefer 不接介词 to短语而单独使用时，相当于 like…
very much。
这时 prefer后面可接名同，代词，不定式，动词-ing形式等。
例如：①Southerners prefer rice while northerners prefer food made from flour. 南方人比较爱吃米饭，北方人比较爱吃面食。
③She preferred to work and live with the common people.她喜欢工作生活在普通人中间。
【注意】prefer在构成其-ed及-ing形式时，要双写词尾字母 r，即：preferred，preferring3)prefer还可与 rather than连用，这时 prefer和 rather than后面一般接不定式，而不接动词-ing形式，rather than后面的不定式符号 to可有可无。
如：①She preferred to go with us rather than stay behind.她宁愿和我们一道去，而不愿留下。
②He preferred to write to her rather than telephone her.他宁愿写信给她，而不愿打电话给她。
2．由read构成的短语1)read out sth. =read sth. loud for others to hear，意为“读出”、“宣布”。
①Your teacher will read out eight sentences. Which picture is she talking about?你的老师将读出8个句子，她分别读的是有关哪幅画的呢？
②Here\'s a letter from Tom. Shall I read it out?这儿有一封汤姆的来信，我要不要读出来。
2)read sth. to sb./ read sb. sth. =read loud for sb. to hear.表示“读给某人听”。
①Here\'s a report about our school. Let me read it to you.这儿有一篇有关我们学校的报道，我来读给你听。
②The teacher read a poem to the class. 老师给全班同学读了首诗。
③She read the children a story. 她给孩子们读了篇故事。
④Children like to be read to. 孩子们喜欢读给他们听。
【注意】read to sb. 是“读给某人听”的意思，read for sb. 是“替某人读”的意思。
3)read sth. to oneself = read sth. in silence. 意思是“默读”①Read it to yourself. I\'m not interested in it.不要读出声来，我对此不感兴趣。
4)read between the lines = to find a meaning that is not expressed. 表示“体会字里行间的言外之意”。
①If you read between the lines, this letter is really a request for money.你如果体会一下言外之意，这封信实际上是要钱。
①The sentence doesn\'t read well. 这个句子不通顺。
②Her letters always read well. 她的信读起来很好。
③The full text reads as follows, …
6)read 可用来表示“理解”、“解释”，如：①Don\'t read my silence as consent. 别把我的沉默当作同意。
3．after that和since then的用法区别after that表示在过去某一件事以后，但情况或动作并不延续到说话时，所以句中的谓语动词仍要用一般过去时。
since then表示从过去某一点时间延续至说话时，强调到目前为止一直进行的动作或保持的状态。
试比较：①After that he never passed any exam.从那以后他任何一门考试都从未及格过。
②After that they took more attention to what I said and did.从那以后他们对我的一言一行更加关注了。
(句中常用 It\'s代替 It has been. )【注意】that指过去某一件事，then指过去某一点时间。
例如：①In 1992 over 8000 competitors from more than 150 couies went to Barcelona for the 25th Summer Olympics. 1992年，来自150多个国家的八千多运动员去巴塞罗那参加第25届夏季奥林匹克运动会。
(= to take part in)②The place to which she took us was just right for a picnic.她带我们去在那个地方正适合野餐。
③We are trelling back to England soon for a holiday.我们不久要回英格兰度假了。
(for = to he)④I\'ll go back to my room for my pen.我要回宿舍去拿钢笔。
(for = to get)⑤He had to go out for food.他不得不出去寻找食物。
(for = to find)⑥Let\'s go in for some tea.我们进去喝些茶吧。
(for = and take)5．hand 构成的动词短语学习下面例句，注意hand构成的动词短语的含义：①Please hand in your papers at the end of the exam.请在考试结束时将试卷交上来。
②Hand out the pencils to everyone in the class.把这些铅笔分发给班上的每位同学。
③The thief was handed over to the police. 小偷被提交给了。
④Please hand on the magazine to your friends. 请把这本杂志传给你的朋友们。
⑤Then he handed the cup around the class of students.他把杯子递给学生，在全班传了一圈。
⑥This ring has been handed down in my family for generations.这枚戒指在我的家族中传了好几代了。
同义词辨析第14组：常用句型结构1．Many of the sports were the same as they are now.1)the same as…
中，same是代词，the same + 名词 + as…
如：①The house is just the same as it used to be. 这座房子还跟过去一样。
(as在定语从句中作表语)②We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. (as在从句中作动词宾语)我们正面临着几年前同样的问题。
③We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by. (as在从句中作介词宾语)我们驱车出城时，与进城时是同一条路。
2)the same…
如：①She lives in the same room that her mother lived.她住在她母亲住过的同一间屋里。
2．After that more and more couies joined in the games.形容词/副词“双重比较”的结构，表示持续不断的变化，意思是“越来越…
”：1) adj. /adv. + -er and adj. /adv. + -er (单音节及部分双音节的形容词/副词双重比较)2) 例如：①She is getting thinner and thinner. 她变得越来越瘦了。
②He runs faster and faster. 他跑得越来越快了。
2)more and more + adj. /adv. (多音节及部分双音节的形容词/副词双重比较)例如：① Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的家乡变得越来越美丽了。